HOWTO: Handle Quotes and Pipes in Concatenated SQL Literals

ID: Q178070

The information in this article applies to:

SUMMARY

Building concatenated SQL statements based on user-typed text values can result in invalid SQL statements. This article provides a solution to the problem of building concatenated SQL.


MORE INFORMATION

When building concatenated SQL statements, you can run into the following problems based on incorporating user-typed text into the SQL statement:

User Types the Delimiter Character

If the user types the same character you use to delimit the text field, such as: LName contains: O'Brien

SQL = "SELECT * FROM Employees WHERE LastName='" & LName & "'"

SQL now contains:

SELECT * FROM Employees WHERE LastName='O'Brien'
this can result in the following error message when you execute the SQL statement:
Run-time error 3075 Syntax error in query expression '...'
One solution is to replace the apostrophe delimiter with quotes ("), such as:

SQL = "SELECT * FROM Employees WHERE LastName=""" & LName & """"
However, the user could easily type O"Brien by mistake (forgetting to release the SHIFT key when typing the apostrophe) and the problem reappears. In addition, SQL Server uses " to delimit table and field names. If the user-supplied value exceeds the maximum length of an identifier name, SQL Server will return a syntax error.

The solution is to replace the apostrophe in the variable with two apostrophes so that SQL contains:

SELECT * FROM Employees WHERE LastName='O''Brien'

FindFirst Method and Delimiters

The previous section shows the technique of doubling the delimiter when building SQL strings. However, this technique does not work when passing search criteria to the FindFirst method. You have to replace the embedded quote with an expression concatenating chr(39) into the literal:

Original criteria that doesn't work:

LastName = 'O'Brien'

Criteria that doesn't work with FindFirst:

LastName = 'O''Brien'

Criteria that does work with FindFirst:

LastName = 'O' & chr(39) & 'Brien'

User Types the Pipe Symbol

If the user types the pipe symbol (|), such as: Password contains: A2|45

SQL = "SELECT * FROM SecurityLevel WHERE UID='" & UserID & "'"
SQL = SQL & " AND PWD='" & Password & "'"

SQL now contains:

SELECT * FROM SecurityLevel WHERE UID='JohnDoe'
AND PWD='A2|45'

and you are querying a Jet database, it can cause either the "Syntax Error" given above or the following error:
Run-time error 3061 Too few parameters. Expected n.
The pipe symbol causes problems because Jet uses pipe symbols to delimit field or parameter names embedded in a literal string, such as:

SELECT "|LastName|, |FirstName|" FROM Employees

This was considered easier for beginner users to learn than concatenation when building ad hoc queries through the Access Query designer. However, when used inadvertently in building a SQL statement, it can result in an error.

The solution is to replace the pipe symbol with a concatenated expression so that SQL contains:

SELECT * FROM SecurityLevel WHERE UID='JohnDoe'
   AND PWD='A2' & chr(124) & '45'

Implementing the Solution

The solution to these problems can be addressed through substring replacement. The sample functions, ReplaceStr, SQLFixup, JetSQLFixup, and FindFirstFixup are provided below to illustrate the technique.

WARNING: Microsoft provides code examples for illustration only, without warranty either expressed or implied, including but not limited to the implied warranties of merchantability and/or fitness for a particular purpose. This code is provided 'as is' and Microsoft does not guarantee that the following code can be used in all situations. Microsoft does not support modifications of the code to suit customer requirements for a particular purpose.

NOTE: In the following sample code, an underscore (_) at the end of a line is used as a line-continuation character. For product versions that don't not support the line-continuation character, remove the underscore and combine that line with the next lines as a single statement when re- creating this code. 


   Function ReplaceStr (TextIn, ByVal SearchStr As String, _
                        ByVal Replacement As String, _
                        ByVal CompMode As Integer)
   Dim WorkText As String, Pointer As Integer
     If IsNull(TextIn) Then
       ReplaceStr = Null
     Else
       WorkText = TextIn
       Pointer = InStr(1, WorkText, SearchStr, CompMode)
       Do While Pointer > 0
         WorkText = Left(WorkText, Pointer - 1) & Replacement & _
                    Mid(WorkText, Pointer + Len(SearchStr))
         Pointer = InStr(Pointer + Len(Replacement), WorkText, _
                         SearchStr, CompMode)
       Loop
       ReplaceStr = WorkText
     End If
   End Function

   Function SQLFixup(TextIn)
     SQLFixup = ReplaceStr(TextIn, "'", "''", 0)
   End Function

   Function JetSQLFixup(TextIn)
   Dim Temp
     Temp = ReplaceStr(TextIn, "'", "''", 0)
     JetSQLFixup = ReplaceStr(Temp, "|", "' & chr(124) & '", 0)
   End Function

   Function FindFirstFixup(TextIn)
   Dim Temp
     Temp = ReplaceStr(TextIn, "'", "' & chr(39) & '", 0)
     FindFirstFixup = ReplaceStr(Temp, "|", "' & chr(124) & '", 0)
   End Function


SQLFixup should be used if your SQL statement is going to be used with Jet SQL pass-through queries or with ODBCDirect, RDO, or ADO to a non-Jet back- end database:
LName contains: O'Brien

SQL = "SELECT * FROM Employees WHERE LastName='" & _
         SQLFixup(LName)& "'"
SQL now contains:

SELECT * FROM Employees WHERE LastName='O''Brien'
JetSQLFixup should be used if Jet is your database back-end, or if doing a non-Pass-through query to an ODBC datasource: UserID cntains: JohnDoe Password contains: A2|4'5

SQL = "SELECT * FROM SecurityLevel WHERE UID='" & _
         JetSQLFixup(UserID) & "' AND PWD='" & JetSQLFixup(Password) & "'"

SQL now contains:

SELECT * FROM SecurityLevel WHERE UID='JohnDoe'
   AND PWD='A2' & chr(124)&'4''5'

FindFirstFixup should be used if using the FindFirst method of a DAO Recordset. It can also be used wherever the JetSQLFixup function is used: LName contains: "O'Brien"

Criteria = "LastName = '" & FindFirstFixup(LName) & "'"

Criteria now contains: LastName = 'O' & chr(39) & 'Brien'


REFERENCES

Microsoft Jet Database Engine Programmer's Guide

Visual Basic Help topic: InStr

For additional information, please see the following article in the Microsoft Knowledge Base:

Q147687 HOWTO: Query for Literal Special Characters in a Where Clause

© Microsoft Corporation 1999, All Rights Reserved.
Contributions by Malcolm Stewart, Microsoft Corporation

Additional query words: 


Keywords          : kbVBp300 kbVBp400 kbVBp500 kbVBp600 kbGrpVB 
Version           : WINDOWS:1.0,1.1,2.0,3.0,4.0,5.0,6.0,7.0,97
Platform          : WINDOWS 
Issue type        : kbhowto

Last Reviewed: May 13, 1999