DOCUMENT:Q67082  14-NOV-2001  [visualc]
TITLE   :INFO: String Constants May Be Interpreted as Trigraphs in C
PRODUCT :Microsoft C Compiler
PROD/VER::1.0,1.5,2.0,4.0,5.0,6.0
OPER/SYS:
KEYWORDS:kbLangC kbVC100 kbVC150 kbVC200 kbVC400 kbVC500 kbVC600

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The information in this article applies to:

 - Microsoft C for MS-DOS 
 - Microsoft C for OS/2 
 - Microsoft C/C++ for MS-DOS 
 - Microsoft Visual C++, versions 1.0, 1.5, 2.0, 4.0 
 - Microsoft Visual C++, 32-bit Enterprise Edition, versions 5.0, 6.0 
 - Microsoft Visual C++, 32-bit Professional Edition, versions 5.0, 6.0 
 - Microsoft Visual C++, 32-bit Learning Edition, version 6.0 
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SUMMARY
=======

To maintain compatibility with other systems, a series of ANSI- mandated
trigraphs have been implemented beginning with Microsoft C version 6.0 and
Microsoft QuickC version 2.5. The addition of these trigraphs may require that
changes be made to code that was previously written for other versions of C that
do not support these codes. The sample code below illustrates one such instance
where this is necessary. The trigraphs are listed on page 424 of the Microsoft C
"Advanced Programming Techniques" version 6.0 manual.

MORE INFORMATION
================

Trigraphs are three-character combinations that are used to represent certain
symbols in the C language that are not available in all character sets. For
example, some keyboards or character sets do not have the opening and closing
brace characters, "{" and "}". These characters are essential to writing a C
program; therefore, someone without use of these characters can use the
trigraphs "??<" and "??>" in place of the braces.

The compiler translates the three-character trigraph combinations into single
characters at compile time. If a sequence of characters in a constant string
matches a trigraph pattern, the compiler will replace the three characters with
the single corresponding character that the trigraph represents.

This situation may manifest itself when using functions, such as
_dos_findfirst(), that may use these characters in a constant to represent
wildcard characters when doing a file search. The workaround is to break up the
constant with double quotation marks, as shown below. This procedure will cause
the compiler to concatenate the two strings without first translating the
characters.

Sample Code
-----------

      #include <stdio.h>

      void main( void)
      {
         /* '??-' in the following line will be replaced by a '~' */ 

         printf( "??-Hello\n" );
      }   

To prevent the compiler from misinterpreting the "??-" character sequence as an
unintended trigraph, you could replace the printf line above with the following
line:

      printf( "??""-Hello\n" );

Notice that the only difference is the double quotation marks used to break up
the string into two substrings, thus eliminating the trigraph pattern.

Additional query words:

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Keywords          : kbLangC kbVC100 kbVC150 kbVC200 kbVC400 kbVC500 kbVC600 
Technology        : kbVCsearch kbVC400 kbAudDeveloper kbZNotKeyword8 kbvc150 kbvc100 kbCCompSearch kbZNotKeyword3 kbVC500 kbVC600 kbVC200 kbVC32bitSearch kbVC500Search
Version           : :1.0,1.5,2.0,4.0,5.0,6.0
Issue type        : kbinfo

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