OFF98: Using the Imp Operator for Binary Comparison

ID: Q182806

The information in this article applies to:

Microsoft Excel 98 Macintosh Edition
Microsoft Word 98 Macintosh Edition
Microsoft PowerPoint 98 Macintosh Edition

SUMMARY

The Visual Basic for Applications Imp operator is used to perform a logical implication on two expressions. If you are using the Imp operator with two numeric expressions as arguments, Visual Basic for Applications performs a bit-wise comparison of identically positioned bits.

MORE INFORMATION

The syntax for the Imp operator is as follows

   <result> = <expression1> Imp <expression2>

where <expression1> and <expressions2> are any expressions and <result> is any numeric variable.

When you use the Imp operator to perform a bit-wise comparison of identically positioned bits in two numeric expressions, the result of the bit-wise comparison is determined using the rules in the following table.

   Bit in Expression1   Bit in Expression2   Bit in Result
   -------------------------------------------------------

           1                     1                 1
           1                     0                 0
           0                     1                 1
           0                     0                 1

Microsoft provides programming examples for illustration only, without warranty either expressed or implied, including, but not limited to, the implied warranties of merchantability and/or fitness for a particular purpose. This article assumes that you are familiar with the programming language being demonstrated and the tools used to create and debug procedures. Microsoft support professionals can help explain the functionality of a particular procedure, but they will not modify these examples to provide added functionality or construct procedures to meet your specific needs. If you have limited programming experience, you may want to contact the Microsoft fee-based consulting line at (800) 936-5200. For more information about the support options available from Microsoft, please see the following page on the World Wide Web:

   http://www.microsoft.com/supportnet/refguide/

For example, if you run the following macro, a message box displays the value of -11:

   Sub Imp_Example()

   Dim a As Integer
   Dim b As Integer
   Dim result As Integer

      a =10
      b = 4

      result = a Imp b

      MsgBox result

   End Sub

The value -11 is returned because the macro follows the rules in the table and uses twos complement notation. Using twos complement notation, the leftmost bit represents the sign bit. If this bit is one, the number is negative; if this bit is zero, the number is positive. To convert a negative number from binary back to decimal, complement all of the bits (1 becomes 0 and 0 becomes 1), convert that number to decimal, change the sign of the decimal number, and then subtract 1.

In the example, the Imp operator is used with the two numeric values 10 and 4. In binary form (2 bytes), these two numbers appear as follows:

   10:   0000000000001010

    4:   0000000000000100

Using the bit-wise comparison rules from the table yields the result value in binary form:

   10:   0000000000001010
    4:   0000000000000100
   --------------------------

   result:   1111111111110101

To determine the decimal equivalent of result, use the twos complement rules of conversion as follows:

                                     Result: 1111111111110101
                        Complement each bit: 0000000000001010
   Decimal equivalent of this binary number: 10
                    Opposite of this number: -10
       Subtract 1 (decimal value of result): -11

REFERENCES

For more information about the Imp Operator, click the Office Assistant, type "Imp Operator," click Search, and then click to view "Imp Operator."

NOTE: If the Assistant is hidden, click the Office Assistant button on the Standard toolbar. If Microsoft Help is not installed on your computer, please see the following article in the Microsoft Knowledge Base:

   ARTICLE-ID: Q179216
   TITLE     : OFF98: How to Use the Microsoft Office Installer Program

Additional query words: XL98

Keywords          : kbprg xlvbainfo OffVBA 
Version           : MACINTOSH:98
Platform          : MACINTOSH
Issue type        : kbinfo

Last Reviewed: April 6, 1999